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Several angular assessment tests have been described in the scientific literature, among which stand out: a) the straight leg raise test; b) the knee extension test; and c) the assessment tests that study the hip position and the caudal portion of lumbar spine at maximal trunk flexion position, distinguishing between "vertical hip joint angle" and "horizontal hip joint angle".
They were required to exert 50 and 75% of their isometric maximal trunk flexion and extension torque.
Isometric testing was administered seven times in positions that ranged from the participant's maximum available trunk extension to maximal trunk flexion.
Total flexion angle corresponding to the onset and cessation of myoelectric silence, hip flexion angle, lumbar flexion angle and maximal trunk flexion angle were compared across different experimental conditions by 2 × 2 (Load × Fatigue) repeated-measures ANOVA.
Furthermore, the purpose of the task being to achieve maximal trunk flexion, the possibility that a part of the reduced lumbar ROM was explained by sensory feedback serving as a reminder for good postural hygiene was excluded.
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In a ten year longitudinal study, Marras et al. [ 3] showed that the reduction of the maximal sagittal trunk flexion of the workers by the introduction of lift tables could significantly decrease the low back disorder incidence rate.
At the trunk, the maximum forward trunk flexion and the total trunk excursion increased significantly as the slope became steeper, except for the 2.7° to 3.6° slope increment.
The greatest maximum forward trunk flexion (60.9°), which was accompanied by the greatest forward trunk excursion (22.4°), was reached during the 7.1° slope.
This may also explain why maximum forward trunk flexion and forward trunk excursion became greater as the gravitational effects became harder to overcome with steeper slopes.
The female players exhibited a higher trunk flexion velocity and their timing (onset and maximal velocity) was earlier.
The team-handball specific proximal-to-distal sequence as indicated by maximal joint velocities (starting with pelvis rotation, followed by trunk rotation, trunk flexion, elbow extension, shoulder horizontal adduction and shoulder internal rotation) was also observed in our data as illustrated in Fig. 8.
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