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During the extraction manoeuvre, the traction pattern over time and the maximal traction force were recorded.
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Mechanistic insight into these findings comes from the observation that suppression of either α-actinin isoform reduces expression of NMMII, thereby altering mechanochemical feedback between tumor cells and the ECM and reducing maximal traction forces.
The maximum traction force of fast-moving keratocytes was 2.5 4.5 × 10−3 dyn/cell.
One proband aimed to reach the maximum traction force in the shortest possible time.
These cells are able to counterbalance a maximal hydrostatic counter-pressure of 1.5 kPa by generating a traction force of 38 nN inside the capillaries [18].
Most of the probands (12/17) gradually increased the traction force up to the individually accepted maximum and then completely released all traction and started a second attempt.
We review the development and application of two methods widely used to measure traction forces generated by cells on 2D substrates: (i) traction force microscopy with polyacrylamide hydrogels and (ii) calculation of traction forces with arrays of deformable microposts.
The traction force increase positively correlated with cell spreading.
Cell traction force microscopy (CTFM) was used to assess cell contractility by measuring cell traction forces [16].
Traction, the cellular force that an individual adherent cell exerts on its substrate, was determined using traction force microscopy [36].
Contractile forces in individual cells were measured using a method of dynamic traction force microscopy [29].
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