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The results showed no age differences in DF maximal torque and none for female PF; however, older males had smaller maximal PF torques compared to young males.
30 As with maximal torque and muscle activation levels, 7 peak RTD measured in the PF was unaffected throughout the protocol.
The present study investigated whether changes in maximal torque and MRTD because of unloading were related to changes in jump height.
On two days, eight men (21.5 ± 2.2 years, means ± SD) performed unilateral maximal isometric contractions with their knee extensors (120° knee angle) with superimposed electrical stimulation to determine maximal torque and voluntary activation for both limbs.
To our knowledge, the present study is the first to relate changes in maximal torque and MRTD, due to unloading, during single-joint isometric knee extensor and plantar flexor torque development, to changes in a more natural whole body movement like jumping.
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Results: Maximal torque values and agonist/antagonist torque ratios for the shoulder, elbow, and wrist functions did not differ between the control subjects and those with complete paraplegia, with the exception of the supination/pronation torque ratio, which was significantly higher in the able-bodied control group.
The validity of the use of the force-velocity relationship for the prediction of field performances in sprint cycling has been verified in a study which compared maximal torque- and power-pedalling rate relationships estimated from the data of an inertial load test and power measured on the field [ 198].
At least three, but no more than six, maximal efforts were allowed and the mean maximal torque was recorded and used for the analysis.
The protocol to evaluate maximal torque production (MP35 and BSL Pro V.3.6.7, Biopac Systems Inc, Santa Barbara, USA) was performed twice in a counter-balanced order, once to evaluate the knee extensors (KE) and once to evaluate the plantar flexors (PF).
Exercise performance was assessed from power output and oxygen uptake (V o2) during incremental tests and from maximal torque of knee flexors (MaxTflex) and extensors (MaxText) using isokinetic dynamometry.
More specifically, our results indicate that brief and sustained maximal torque production of the KE and PF was reduced immediately after play in hot and cool conditions.
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