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This study documented the step-to-step changes in kinematics of human maximal sprinting during the entire acceleration phase.
It would be of interest to investigate maximal sprinting during the entire acceleration phase for non-trained adults or children to confirm the transitions to be a result of constraints of the human locomotor system.
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The 100-m race time is strongly correlated with maximal sprinting speed during the race (Bruggemann and Glad, 1990; Maćkala, 2007; Volkov and Lapin, 1979), and the time during which the sprinter can accelerate with maximal effort is limited to 5 7 seconds (Hirvonen et al., 1987; Margaria et al., 1966).
The errors of these detection methods during the acceleration phase of maximal sprinting are plus or minus one frame when cameras are operating at 250 Hz (Nagahara and Zushi, 2013).
The aims of this study were (1) to verify whether there is a transition during the maximal accelerated sprinting and (2) to demonstrate the change in acceleration strategy based on the kinematic measures during the entire acceleration phase of maximal sprinting.
There are two typical running modalities during the entire acceleration phase of maximal sprinting (Dillman, 1975).
Moreover, it seems that the stable upright posture leads the second transition during the entire acceleration of human maximal sprinting.
Detection methods found two transitions during the entire acceleration phase of maximal sprinting, and the acceleration phase could thus be divided into initial, middle, and final sections.
The study of kinematics during the entire acceleration phase of maximal sprinting of human participants clarifies the function of the human bipedal locomotor system in the extreme condition.
As a limitation of the present study, although we verified the transitions during the entire acceleration phase of maximal sprinting for all participants (with partial failures of detections), all participants were well-trained sprinters.
In the second part, different acceleration strategies in the sections determined by the breakpoints are briefly demonstrated according to the step-to-step changes in spatiotemporal and kinematic variables during the entire acceleration phase of maximal sprinting.
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