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Indeed, when the nuclear size represented by the area of the DNA-associated DAPI fluorescence was plotted versus the maximal pixel of DNA/DAPI fluorescence on bivariate distribution scatterplots (Fig. 3), it was apparent that senescent cells in the Mxt-treated cultures had increased area and distinctly decreased intensity of maximal pixel of DNA/DAPI fluorescence.
The characteristic "flattening" of senescent cells was reflected by the decline in the density of staining (intensity of maximal pixel) of DNA-associated fluorescence [4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)] paralleled by an increase in nuclear size (area).
Thus, the biomarker based on analysis of nuclear area and intensity of maximal pixel of DNA-associated fluorescence is a sensitive reporter of the characteristic change in cell phenotype considered to be the hallmark of senescence.
The observed decrease in intensity of maximal pixel of DNA/DAPI fluorescence and the increase in nuclear area measured by LSC is a consequence of a change of cell geometry namely its extensive flattening of the senescent cell.
Analysis of intensity of maximal pixel of DNA-associated (DAPI) fluorescence and nuclear area, especially when expressed as a ratio of mp/area, made it possible not only to identify senescent cells but also provides the means to express and compare the degree (depth) of senescence in quantitative terms.
However, as it is evident from the data shown in Figure 8 the senescing WI-38 cells, similar to A549, show a distinct decrease in intensity of maximal pixel of DNA/DAPI fluorescence and marked reduction of the mp/area ratio.
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As is show in Figure 6, treatment of A549 cells with Mxt in the presence of 2dG diminished both the degree of reduction of intensity of maximal pixel fluorescence of DAPI (DNA) and the decrease of mp/area ratio compared with cell growth in the presence of Mxt alone.
The decrease in ratio of maximal pixel to nuclear area was even more sensitive senescence biomarker than the change in maximal pixel or nuclear area, each alone.
The echogenic areas were extracted using a threshold filter of 100 out of a maximal pixel intensity of 255 and subsequently quantified by total area (dermal/perimuscular zone) and by area density (subcutaneous zone).
Thus, the presence on SAHF does not interfere with the use of the maximal pixel intensity of DAPI fluorescence as a marker of cell senescence.
As with the basolateral membrane quantification, nuclear levels were calculated relative to a maximal pixel intensity of 255, after taking into consideration "background" pixel intensity.
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