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This time point was chosen to allow all experimental subjects to receive a light pulse within the maximal phase delay zone of CT14 16 (Pendergast et al., 2010).
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Maximal phase delays were attained with 50 mM NMDA, and maximal phase advances were seen after 100 mM NMDA.
The effect of light duration on the magnitude of phase shifts in wheel running activity was investigated at the time of maximal phase delays (CT14 CT16; Figure 1C).
Interestingly, the shape of the temperature PRC differed between SCN and lung tissues, such that pulses delivered between CT9 and CT15 elicited a maximal phase advance in SCN slices but induced phase delays in lung.
At brighter irradiances, light duration seems unlikely to be a critical factor for phase delay, since Adcyap1+/+ mice show maximal amplitudes of phase delay after a short (5 min) light pulse, consistent with a previous report [29].
Duration of maximal phase 7 deg of night, until it began to become bright.
This characteristic can decrease the phase delay.
Excitingly, using a light intensity of 1 for the LD cycles which gives only a maximal phase shift of 2.5 h if applied for 1 h, the mean field oscillations show very fast re-entrainment similar to that seen experimentally: After 1 2 days, for both a 6 h advance and delay,, there is virtually no difference in phase between the perturbed and unperturbed systems, as seen in experiment [ 20, 21].
Thus, the cavity OPL variation creates a phase delay without creating an offsetting group delay.
These phase delays will affect subsequent performance.
African American subjects had larger phase advances and smaller phase delays, relative to Caucasian subjects.
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