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The measurements were conducted using a cantilever approach and retraction speed of 1.5μm/s and a maximal indentation force of 60nN.
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In dry indentation, the maximum indentation force increases from 468.0 to 549.7 eV/Å as the indentation speed increases from 10too 100 m/s.
In wet indentation, the maximum indentation force increases from 423.2 to 565.6 eV/Å with the same increase of speed.
At the maximum indentation force ≈40 nN, aggrecan is compressed at ≈50% molecular strain.
The force is large enough to overcome the combined attraction force on the indenter, so the indentation force seldom appears to be negative.
As the indenter further advances, the indentation force then alters to repulsive and increases with the progress of indentation.
A Gilmore apparatus was used with a stainless steel indenter and 1/4-pound indentation force for the initial setting time measurement; a 1-pound indentation force was used for the final setting time.
(d) Indentation force relaxation with a rigid spherical indenter (R = 12 nm) under constant indentation depths.
Compared with dry indentation, wet indentation incurs higher indentation force during the initial penetration of the indenter, but lower force during the full penetration period.
Based on the results, the major findings can be summarized as follows: Compared with dry indentation, wet indentation incurs higher indentation force during the initial penetration of the indenter, but lower force during the full penetration period.
Figure 3 Indentation force.
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