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It was an increase in distance between 2 skin marks between the fifth spinal process and 10 cm above from erect standing to maximal forward bending [ 17].
Sagittal spinal range of motion were measured as the difference between usual sitting and maximal slumped sitting and usual standing and; sway standing, maximal forward bending and maximal backward bending in standing.
Excellent reliability of positioning subjects in sway posture has been shown previously [ 31]. 3. Subjects were then asked to bend forwards as far as possible from standing, with their knees straight, and a five second recording in this position was defined as maximal forward bending.
Conversely, with usual standing posture as the reference angles and adjusting for BMI, there was significantly more LLx movement compared to ULx movement when moving from; 1. Usual standing to maximal forward bending, 2. Usual standing to maximal backward bending, and 3. Usual standing to a sway standing posture.
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Then step back and lean forward, bending in half.
Those tests were forward bending, modified Schober, lateral bending, abdominal endurance and modified PILE.
Moderate scoliosis : obvious curve in both upright and forward bending.
The standing postures were the side bending triangle posture (trikonasana), forward bending (padahastasana), backward bending (ardha chakrasana) and side lateral bending (ardhakati chakrasana) techniques.
Back - side bending, standing forward bending and standing backward bending.
Do not use this method for forward bending stretches.
For range of motion, the mean peak angle of three trials (averaged over 5 seconds subject held position) was calculated for each of; maximal slumped sitting, sway standing and maximal forward and backward bending in standing was subtracted from the usual sitting or standing angle.
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