IhERG was studied as tail current at −120 mV, after conditioning for 10 s at 0 mV (to produce maximal activation), and, subsequently, at −70 mV (to produce strong current deactivation, as further control that we were specifically measuring IhERG).
Moreover, NOP activation produces bradycardia and hypotension.
Since AOAs appeared to fall beyond the maximal eccentricity that could be mapped (5°), we additionally compared AOA distributions with those of activations produced by visual stimuli in the far peripheral field (up to 49° eccentricity) reported by Stenbacka and Vanni [66].
Furthermore, successive peaks of the spindle produce maximal activation in different locations.
Assuming a selective stimulation of tibialis anterior accounting for 60% of force-generating capacity of dorsiflexors, a quarter of its maximal activation is required to produce dorsiflexion torque corresponding to 15%MVC.
Furthermore, 1 µM of nyasol (NYA), ERB-041 and DPN produced a maximal activation of ERE-tkLuc with ERβ in transfection assays (Figure S2).
All of drugs produced the maximal activation of these three genes at the same time-point in both U2OS-ERα and U2OS-ERβ cells.
It is worth mentioning that an increase in the dose of flagellin to 5 μg/mouse did not exert any further increase in the activation of MAPKs and NFκB, as shown by a comparable degree of ERK and IκBα phosphorylation in the different organs, suggesting that minute doses of flagellin are already sufficient to produce a maximal activation of these stress signaling cascades.
Several studies showed that integrin ligation allows for the maximal activation of EGFR or PDGFR, thereby producing robust intracellular signals including small Rho GTPase activation [ 76, 77].
Adding a CS for a different outcome, in contrast, would produce a near maximal activation of the second US representation, and a correspondingly larger increase in conditioned responding.
