Among 298 regulated genes, 56 also underwent estradiol-induced alternative splicing in at least one of the cell lines, confirming that pre-mRNA maturation was regulated concurrently with transcription in a significant fraction of ERβ-regulated genes.
Indeed, cardiac growth and chamber maturation are regulated by temporally and spatially controlled processes, resulting in a precise regulation of cell cycle exit and cell differentiation of cardiac cells.
Examples of seminal studies include the dissection of the regulatory elements for precise endosperm-specific expression of seed storage proteins, which also elucidated the mechanisms of how seed development and maturation are regulated, and led to applications in seed bioengineering (Takaiwa et al., 1987; Okita et al., 1989; Takaiwa et al., 1991).
It has been recognized for a number of years that C. elegans oocyte maturation is regulated by sperm [28].
According to a model proposed by Nagahama and collaborators [26], vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation are regulated primarily by FSH and LH, respectively.
The latter are monocyte-macrophage lineage-derived cells whose differentiation and maturation is regulated by OBs via RANKL.
The processes of cytoplasmic streaming and oocyte growth and maturation are regulated by at least two signals.
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, swarming motility, expression of virulence factors, and biofilm maturation are regulated by AHL-mediated quorum sensing system [ 40].
Insect maturation is regulated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), which binds to a heterodimer of EcR and ultraspiracle (USP) [ 21].
Osteoclast activation and maturation are regulated by three recently discovered proteins: the receptor activator of nuclear factor- κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) [ 8, 9].
