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Unlike non-pathogenic microbes that are eliminated inside the maturing phagosome of immune cells such as macrophages, M. tuberculosis brings phagosome maturation to a halt and manages to cope with various host threats including acidification, reactive radicals and nutrient limitation [ 2].
The sub-maximal nature of MDDC maturation might represent insufficient stimulation rather than virus-mediated inhibition, since a secondary LPS stimulus further maturation to a similar final extent [30].
After synthesis and protein folding, tdEos fluorophores undergo relatively slow maturation to a green fluorescent state (Nienhaus et al., 2006).
This malignant tumor exhibits a broad spectrum of clinical features, including spontaneous regression without any treatment, maturation to a benign ganglioneuroma, or progression to metastasis leading to death.
Thus, cholesterol-mediated membrane thickening could play a role in connexin channel maturation to a functional state as it reaches the plasma membrane.
Pleasingly, both sets of analogues induced DC maturation to a similar degree as the parent α-GalCer and ThrCer compounds in wildtype mice but not in CD1d /– mice.
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Shortly after phagosome biogenesis there is maturation to an early endosome and limited acquisition of late endosomal markers.
PS is endoproteolytically cleaved into N- and C-terminal fragments (PS-NTF and PS-CTF) [13] during maturation to an active complex.
Indeed PD-1, which is associated with anergy of antigen-specific cells, is upregulated on HIV- but not CMV-specific CD8+ T cells [21] and could prevent maturation to an effector cell type.
Up-regulation of these markers was not affected by HLA-G and is consistent with maturation to an antigen-presenting phenotype.
LC3 tandemly tagged with GFP and RFP exhibit overlapping GFP and RFP signals in the autophagosomes before fusion with the lysosomes, but once the maturation to an autolysosome occurs, it exhibits only the RFP signal.
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