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To this end, we build an eco-evolutionary model for a size-structured population, in which both the stock׳s maturation schedule and the fishery׳s harvest rate are adaptive, while fishing may be subject to a selective policy based on fish size and/or maturity stage.
Briefly described, each individual carries genetic traits affecting its life history through growth rate, maturation schedule, and reproductive investment.
The most prominent evolutionary change took place in the maturation schedule, and in the PMRN intercept in particular (Fig. 3A).
These and similar mechanisms have implications for a species' maturation schedule, and potentially how a population responds to fishing, e.g., to selective removal of large individuals (Hutchings 2008b; Hutchings and Rowe 2008a; Urbach and Cotton 2008; Wang and Höök 2009).
The model developed here extends previous marine-reserve models (e.g., Guenette and Pitcher 1999; Baskett et al. 2005; Hart 2006; Miethe et al. 2009) by (i) considering the evolution of multiple life-history traits (for growth, maturation schedule, and reproductive investment), (ii) accounting for density dependence in growth and reproduction, and (iii) examining a migratory life history.
Growth rate is indeed influenced by at least three different life-history traits (Heino et al. 2008): (i) growth capacity, i.e. the ability of fish to transform energy intake into body mass, (ii) the maturation schedule, and (iii) the reproductive investment, i.e. the ratio of gonad mass to somatic mass.
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Comparing and contrasting temporal shifts in maturation among these stocks allowed us to evaluate how exploitation history may shape fish maturation schedules and observe whether maturation schedules are able to recover following harvest reductions or moratoria.
In addition to fishing-induced evolution, our model demonstrated drastic plastic changes for mean growth rates, maturation schedules, and population dynamics.
The two segments of the run had distinct morphological traits and maturation schedules, and genetic data showed little gene flow between them.
Cod from the two sites in the southwest region also had quite similar maturation schedules, and different from other regions (Fig. 2).
Thus, for these fish, changes in growth have likely interacted with size-selective fishing pressures and resulted in the maturation schedules and age and length compositions seen on the spawning grounds.
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