This step is essential in phagosome maturation and acidification (Fratti et al. 2003b).
Lysotracker is commonly used as an indicator of phagosome maturation and acidification in IFNγ-activated cells.
If Samd9l is important for the trafficking, maturation and acidification of the endosome, it may act as an antiviral host gene against IAV infection.
In summary, these results show SCAR as critical for the normal maturation and acidification of phagocytosed apoptotic corpses in macrophages in vivo.
Thus, distinguishing the kinetics of internalization from those of phagosomal maturation (acidification and subsequent phagosomal fusion events), will provide details for the environmental time course encountered by pathogens that invade them, and should contribute more broadly to our knowledge of infectious disease.
This maturation involves acidification, microtubule-dependent motility, and perinuclear localization.
In this study, we developed a simple method to decouple the processes of internalization and phagosomal maturation via three separate measurements, which allowed for a distinction between the time-courses for internalization and acidification, and significantly, provided distinct measurements and thereby comparison of the rates of phagosome acidification and phagosomal-endosomal/lysosomal fusion.
While the aforementioned studies have been vital in providing an initial understanding of phagosomal maturation (namely acidification), a separation between the end of internalization, beginning of acidification and subsequent phagosomal fusion to endosomes/lysosomes was not clearly established, and was often treated as a one-step process.
Therefore, excessive acidification might alter endosomal maturation and cargo progress towards functional lysosomes.
"Evidence of the ability of corals to adapt to rising temperatures and acidification is limited and appears insufficient to offset the detrimental effects of warming and acidification".
Fish poisoning has become a major issue, due to increased temperature and acidification of sea-water.
