When asking how all matter was created while at the same time considering that matter is neither created nor destroyed, we must consider a divine force.
Hoyle and his colleagues cooked up a version of eternity, the Steady State universe, in which matter was created in the voids left as the galaxies sped away from one another, so over all the cosmos remained the same.
To simply declare – as some scientists do – there was no space or time before the big bang and that the question is therefore meaningless is hard to accept, as it suggests matter was created out of nothing.
I realised that the molecules of my body, and the molecules of the spacecraft, and the molecules of my partners had been manufactured as prototypes in some ancient generation of stars, because matter is created in star systems.
Astronomers confirmed yesterday that a galaxy known as UDFy-38135539 is the furthest source of light in the visible universe, which also makes it the oldest known object – it existed just 600 million years after all matter was created in the Big Bang some 13.7 billion years ago.
"It does indicate that a new state of matter is created," said Dr. Johanna Stachel, a physicist at the University of Heidelberg in Germany who is the spokeswoman for one of the multinational collaborations that operates a large particle detector, called NA45, at the Geneva laboratory.
"A new form of matter is created," he says.
In Lucretius's The Nature of the Universe – which is the greatest classical statement of a system of atheism – it is argued that it is impossible that matter was created and that it must, therefore, be eternal and uncreated.
The other two substances, mind and matter, are created by God and can only exist through his ongoing act of preservation or conservation, called God's "concurrence" (Princ. I.51).
