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Marked frontotemporal grey matter changes have been observed in those with frank frontotemporal dementia (Chang et al., 2005), and in those ALS cases linked to C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions, known to have consistent cognitive impairments (Byrne et al., 2012).
Pain-related grey matter changes have been reported in several pain conditions.
Volumetric grey matter changes have been found in cortical regions, but also in the brainstem [2], the latter being reversible after successful detoxification [1].
For example, clear grey and white matter changes have been identified following extensive juggling practice [17] that are adjacent to brain areas associated with similar but more everyday visuomotor behaviours such as visually guided reaching [14].
However, while studies of brain activation and grey matter examined both hemispheres, studies of white matter changes have mostly focused on the left hemisphere.
White matter changes have been shown to be an important determination of abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome and might help predict future problems (seizures and intellectual impairment) in certain patients [ 60].
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Small vessel disease with periventricular white matter changes has been proposed to be the cause of INPH in a subgroup of patients with a less favourable prognosis [ 27, 41, 42].
Distinct grey-matter changes have been observed in the prefrontal and limbic regions in disparate chronic pain syndromes.
No matter what changes have affected the workplace and the home over the past decades, American voters expect to see the entire family before they pass judgment on a candidate.
Gray and white matter brain changes have been found in schizophrenia but the anatomical organizing process underlying these changes remains unknown.
Similarly, grey matter macrostructure changes have been reported in humans after juggling training, aerobic exercise, and intense language studies [ 16, 79– 82].
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