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DTI has become the preferred choice for detecting white matter alterations in the human brain [38].
All these regions, involved in supraspinal nociceptive processing, show grey matter alterations in different types of chronic pain.
Conversely, Need et al. did not identify microstructural white matter alterations in chronic and episodic migraine patients [22].
MRI studies found grey as well as white matter alterations in CH [8] similar to those found in migraine [9 11].
Two previous meta-analyses aimed to locate concordant gray matter alterations in migraine patients and found concordant decreases in gray matter volume (GMV) in some brain regions involved in pain-related processes [13, 14].
sMRI-dMRI methods have also been used to analyze the gray and white matter alterations in schizophrenia [67] and Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) [16, 68], neurodegeneration simulation [69], classification of AD and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) [70], and Parkinson's Disease (PD) staging [71].
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We explored the regional pattern of white matter alteration in subjects with metabolic syndrome.
These findings add to the increasing body of neuroimaging evidence on white matter alteration in patients with hypertension, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome (15, 26– 26).
We explored the regional pattern of white matter alteration in middle-aged individuals with metabolic syndrome by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which is sensitive to subtle changes in cerebral white matter (16, 17) and thus is a powerful tool for analyzing such changes (16).
Our TBSS analysis revealed white matter alteration in subjects with metabolic syndrome relative to control subjects, as measured by the significantly lower FA values in the entire corpus callosum, part of the right external capsule, and part of the deep white matter of the right frontal lobe.
These studies show that AP and professional musicianship in general leads to marked cortical gray matter alterations, mainly in the form of left-hemispheric asymmetries in speech-relevant areas.
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