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Letting GF q) be a finite field with q = ph elements, an n × r matrix with elements from the field is said to have the property Pt if any t rows are independent.
Therefore, ( denote the matrix with elements ) is nonnegative semi definite and (2.6) is valid for.
The Vandermonde matrix, with elements, is given by the following [13]: (5).
Each data symbol vector is precoded by a DFT represented by a matrix with elements (2).
diag denotes the diagonal matrix with elements on the main diagonal.
where J is an (N × K) matrix with elements of ones.
The block-interleaved mapping can be described by an matrix with elements (3).
Let D ∈ R n × n be a diagonal matrix with elements d1,1 > ⋯ > dn,n > 0.
Depolarizing effects are better emphasized in terms of the normalized or reduced Mueller matrix, with elements.
where B is an N × N diagonal matrix with elements b n = y n (1-y n ), the vector y = (y1, y2,..., y N ) T, and Φ is the design matrix with elements Φ ni = ϕ i (x n ).
0 N c × N − N c is a N c × (N−N c ) matrix with elements of zeroes.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com