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To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate that matrix stiffness can affect cytokinesis.
Both cell-adhesive ligand density and matrix stiffness can greatly impact cell behavior.
To our knowledge, this is first demonstration that matrix stiffness can promote the successful completion of cytokinesis.
The matrix components, matrix remodeling and matrix stiffness can be manipulated to perturb cellular behaviors, including survival, differentiation, migration and invasion.
Shih et al. found the matrix stiffness can upregulate the osteogenic gene expression such as type I collagen, osteocalcin, and Runx 2 gene expressions of human MSCs [ 33].
Consistent with other reports that matrix stiffness can influence cell morphology, we also found that cell spreading was dependent on the matrix stiffness.
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In addition to changing the constitution of the ECM and thereby providing substrates for tumor cells and the cellular components of the metastatic niche, an important consequence of ECM remodeling is to increase matrix stiffness, which can profoundly affect the properties of tumors cells [ 15].
Changes in matrix composition and stiffness can be measured in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo.
Matrix stiffness, for example, can easily be modulated in vitro by overlaying a thin layer of matrix on either tunable polyacrylamide (Wong et al., 2003; Paszek et al., 2005; Levental et al., 2009) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Cortese et al., 2009) substrates of a specific pre-defined stiffness.
A variety of hypotheses beyond the role of matrix stiffness have been and can be tested using well-defined hydrogel in vitro models owing to user control over material properties (Sections D & E).
In detail, EPCs can sense matrix stiffness through signaling cascades downstream of integrin ligation leading to the activation of the Rho guanosine triphosphate hydrolase, cell division control protein 42 homolog.
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