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This leads to increased matrix secretion and further PSC mechano-activation, resulting in the production of a positive mechanical activation feedback loop that produces a continually expanding region of fibrosis around the tumour.
In vitro studies were conducted using a fibroblast cell line toward a comprehensive understanding of how scaffolds characteristics can modulate the cell behavior, i.e. viability, adhesion, proliferation, extracellular matrix secretion, and three-dimensional colonization.
Compared with pDNA-infiltrated fibers, the localized and gradual release of pDNA facilitated cell proliferation, gene transfection, and extracellular matrix secretion and enhanced the generation of blood vessels after subcutaneous implantation.
Although the conductivity of blend fibers is slightly higher than that of coaxial fibers with the same CNT loadings, the lower exposures to CNTs resulted in higher cell viability, elongation, extracellular matrix secretion and beating rates for cardiomyocytes on coaxial fibers.
3D culture systems provide circumstances that can better simulate native conditions which are comprised of distinctive cell morphology, oxygen levels, extracellular matrix secretion and concentration gradients of signaling factors (Keung et al., 2010; Gu et al., 2016).
Functionally, renal fibroblast-like cells are proposed to play a role in tissue regeneration [6], and are also responsible for extracellular matrix secretion and erythropoietin production [7] [9].
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Seven-day old linker-engineered spheroids exhibited characteristics of mature MCTS, including spheroid morphology, gene expression profile, cell-cell interaction, extracellular matrix secretion, proliferation and oxygen concentration gradients, and cellular functions.
WMSCs cultured in high-density in the presence of transforming growth factor β1 and dexamethasone showed cartilage extracellular matrix-secretion and integrated into a thin piece of cell-based membrane.
For instance, it was demonstrated that shear stress affects gene expression (Paul et al. 2018), morphology and adhesion (Charrier et al. 2018; Paim et al. 2018), extracellular matrix secretion, mechanical properties, and angiogenesis ability (Charoenpanich et al. 2017; La and Tranquillo 2018; Vining and Mooney 2017) of ECs and stem cells.
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one subset of cells found in the tumor stroma that help to regulate tumor progression and metastasis through several mechanisms such as remodeling of the extracellular matrix, secretion of growth factors and chemokines, and regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Kalluri and Zeisberg, 2006; Cirri and Chiarugi, 2011).
Methods are being developed and refined to generate sufficient numbers of cells able to be differentiated and retain their phenotype and perform the required biological functions, in the case of bone, the production of extracellular matrix, secretion of cytokines and other signaling molecules to enable mineralization to take place.
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