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Although the exact mechanism of action of silicon in the bone formation process has not been fully elucidated, research has shown beneficial effects of this element on bone matrix mineralization as well as on collagen type I synthesis and stabilization.
Compared with GO-COOH and the control group, ZnO/GO-COOH nanocomposites significantly enhanced ALP activity, osteocalcin production and extracellular matrix mineralization as well as up-regulated osteogenic-related genes (ALP, OCN, and Runx2) in MG63 osteoblast-like cells.
Thus, short-term exposure to TSA accelerated the appearance of alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization as well as expression of type I collagen, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin genes in MC3T3-E1 culturestures [ 18].
Using alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization as indicators of the early and late stages of osteogenesis, respectively, we report here that both substrates supported differentiation, but the mechanism was substrate dependent.
Taking into consideration that formation of mineralized matrix is a definitive hallmark of osteoblastic differentiation, we can assume that Biocoral scaffold stimulates osteoblast differentiation and function inducing matrix mineralization as confirmed also by Alizarin Red staining.
In distal femoral metaphyseal cancellous bone, there was a clear tendency towards a dose-dependent increase in matrix mineralization, as in the spine.
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Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was assessed by RT-qPCR and extracellular matrix mineralization detected as already described [46].
During osteoblast differentiation, several markers are expressed including alkaline phosphatase, which are important for bone matrix deposition and mineralization, as well as regulators of matrix calcification, including osteocalcin and osteonectin.
Zuscik and colleagues [ 30] reported reversion of articular chondrocytes to a more primitive phenotype upon Pb exposure, with matrix degradation and mineralization as well as chondrocyte hypertrophy.
Instead it affects chondrocyte matrix mineralization directly, as is in concordance with studies done on bone mineralization [14,18].
Nevertheless, the overall osteogenic gene expression as well as matrix mineralization potential of the depleted MSC population was higher than for MSCs.
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