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Osteocalcin is secreted by osteoblasts and is related to matrix mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis.
Furthermore, simB9-4 and simB9-7 act synergistically in inhibiting BMP9-induced expression of osteogenic markers, matrix mineralization and ectopic bone formation from MSCs.
Exogenous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) have been utilized to positively regulate matrix mineralization and osteoblastogenesis, however, numerous adverse effects are associated with this approach.
More specifically, Col10a1-deficient Hyp mice displayed severe disturbances of skeletal growth, bone mass acquisition and bone matrix mineralization, and they were essentially indistinguishable from Hyp littermates.
The transformation into a hard callus depends on remodelling of proliferating cartilage into hypertrophic cartilage, the revascularization of this region, the onset of matrix mineralization and woven bone formation.
This study showed that coatings containing MWCNT-COOH (increased hydrophilic surface chemistry) influence osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and matrix mineralization and should be further studied for applications in orthodontic MSIs.
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Chondrocytes in transient cartilage undergo terminal differentiation into hypertrophic cells, induce cartilage-matrix mineralization, and eventually disappear and are replaced by bone.
Cartilage hypertrophy is characterized by a switch in the production of the extracellular matrix proteins (from collagen type II to type X) and can be accompanied by phenomena of matrix mineralization (Lefebvre and Bhattaram, 2010; Lotz and Loeser, 2012).
This low turnover state leads to an improvement in BMD by increasing the time for matrix mineralization (Meunier and Boivin 1997).
Thereafter, to verify the acquisition of an osteogenic phenotype, staining protocols are used to detect calcium deposits and matrix mineralization (namely, Von Kossa and alizarin red methods) [ 67].
The presence of -COOH groups enhanced osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and matrix mineralization on Ti substrates and demonstrate the potential for further investigations.
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