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Tissue-inherent factors such as cell cell and cell extracellular matrix interactions are regarded to exert a potentially large impact on adipogenesis as well as on secretory functions of adipose tissue.
Soluble factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play key roles in this initial process, but cell adhesion/extracellular matrix interactions are also critical determinants of endothelial cell (EC) migration and proliferation [2].
Hence the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell-cell contact are cell-ECM matrix interactions are maintained.
In fact, the phenotypic changes associated with extracellular matrix interactions are often used as criteria to establish the degree of differentiation in cancer studies and pathological diagnosis [ 30].
Main cell surface mediators of those cell matrix interactions are α-/ β-dystroglycan [ 41– 44], syndecans [ 29, 45– 47], and certain integrins being members of a large family of heterodimeric transmembrane proteins ([ 48– 51]; for general review: [ 19]).
In spite of its obvious oversimplification, this model incorporates the notion that signals triggered by cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are critical for maintaining melanocyte homeostasis [ 6].
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A parallel theme of cell-surface/intracellular matrix interactions was developed by Marisa Faraldo (Institut Curie, Paris, France).
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a major molecule in stabilising cell cell and cell extracellular matrix interactions, is overexpressed and has crucial roles in tumour metastasis.
Reduction of Rac-1 activity thus increased cell-cell interactions in both, glEND.2 cells and HUVEC, whereas cell matrix interactions were modulated differentially in both cell types, leading to more directional migration in glEND.2 cells and reduced migration in HUVEC.
A key factor involved in the control of cell extracellular matrix interactions is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), an intracellular tyrosine kinase protein that is localised to cellular focal contact sites (Schaller et al, 1992).
Then, surface modification is required so that efficient tube-matrix interactions are established.
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