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The matrix formation is done this way to distribute the watermark bits throughout the multi-resolution sub-bands D 1, D 2, D 3, and D 4. Forming the matrix with the Ds, rather than using A alone, is done to allow for matrix formation and subsequent application of the matrix-based SVD operator.
These results support the hypothesis that late matrix formation is in need not only of cell adhesion on the substrate, but some cell movements, in the range of the size of the focal adhesion plaques, must take place so matrix deposition occurs normally [61].
Fibronectin matrix formation is a dynamic, cell-dependent process that is tightly regulated.
In bone, OPN produced by OB during bone matrix formation is subsequently accumulated in the mineralised matrix.
Treatment with FGF18 was included in parallel, because its pro-anabolic activity for matrix formation is exclusively mediated through activation of FGFR3 in human articular cartilage [ 33].
If the value of the ratio is greater than 1, then chondro-induction, an enhanced chondrogenic matrix formation, is considered to have taken place [ 35, 39].
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Mineralized matrix formation was further evaluated using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and visualized using SEM and histological analyses.
Directing cells towards a chondrogenic phenotype and promoting new matrix formation are significant challenges that must be overcome for the successful application of hydrogels in cartilage tissue therapies.
Matrix formation was assessed histologically by staining of proteoglycan, type I and type II collagens and by gene expression analysis of typical extracellular matrix molecules and of catabolic matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-13.
AF cell differentiation and matrix formation was initiated by forming pellet cultures and stimulation with hyaluronic acid (HA), human serum (HS), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) and TGF-β3/FGF-2 for up to 4 weeks.
Late FN matrix formation was studied for longer times on the different SAMs (Figure S5).
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