where ∥ is the concatenation operation.
The interior node is calculated as, where " " denotes the concatenation operation.
The nondeterminism is given by the associativity and commutativity of the concatenation operation over objects used in (mathbf{R}_{1}).
The second contested issue was whether a concatenation operation had to be found for a magnitude before it could be fundamentally measured on a ratio scale.
Those objecting to the measurability of sensation, such as Campbell, stressed the necessity of an empirical concatenation operation for fundamental measurement.
Based on this initial secret key, each sub-key K j j = 1,...,N would be generated as K j = H(K|j), being H a hash function and '|' the concatenation operation.
First, old fast re-authentication identity, Nonce_S, Counter_S, and MK are used as seeds to generate new MK (XKEY) key calculated as XKEY = SHA-1 (fast re-authentication identity || Counter_S || Nonce_S || MK) where '||' denotes a concatenation operation.
Step 4: If K and Z keep unchanged while w is changed to w + 1, a new code set can be generated by the following steps: firstly, we need to find the basic matrix C K 1,Z, then do concatenation operations between ( {C}_K^{w,Z} ) and ( {C}_K^{1,Z} ), that is {mathrm{C}}_K^{w+1,Z}=left[{mathrm{C}}_K^{w,Z}:{C}_K^{1,Z}right] (7).
Fundamental measurement requires ordering and concatenation operations satisfying the same conditions specified by Campbell.
For the concatenation operations of L, one replaces the proposition letters (atomic formulas) by two-place terms, marking beginning and end of a continuous string.
