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Our finding that elevated circulating endostatin levels preceded AKI, as evident by a subsequent rise in creatinine, and remained elevated until such AKI was established supports the pathophysiological role of matrix breakdown and endothelial injury/dysfunction in AKI development.
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is characterized by extracellular matrix breakdown and is considered to be a primary cause of discogenic back pain.
These findings led to the paradigm that destructive arthritis is the result of an imbalance between matrix breakdown and matrix formation in favour of MMP-induced degradation.
Together, though, these studies indicate that apoptosis alone is not driving matrix breakdown and that, once started, degradative enzymic activity may not be under direct cellular control.
In addition to their anti-apoptotic properties, miR-221 and miR-222 can promote tumor metastasis by activating the AKT pathway and several key metalloproteases, thereby facilitating tumor extracellular matrix breakdown and tumor migration.
Extracellular proteases secreted by P. acnes may contribute to inflammation of acne by matrix breakdown and proteolytic detachment of follicular keratinocytes, thereby releasing inflammatory mediators, however, their precise role in the development of acne has not been fully elucidated.
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The compounds 27-OH and HNE contribute to both inflammation and matrix breakdown through activation of TLR4 and its downstream signaling.
From the available markers, such a combination could be CTX-II (cartilage matrix breakdown), volume (quantity), and homogeneity (quality); we denote this aggregate marker longevity-basic.
TLR4 has been shown to be important in the process of expansive arterial remodeling and in matrix breakdown; the latter process involves cell migration and leads to higher expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), mainly MMP-2 and MMP-9, which are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation (Hollestelle et al., 2004).
It is hypothesized that in OA, cartilage matrix breakdown causes synovial inflammation and subsequent changes in the knee joint [ 38].
Indeed, it was previously reported with human chondrocytes that enhanced cGMP levels lead to alterations in the PDE5 subtype and matrix breakdown.
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