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Here, and are matrices with constant complex entries, and is the number of information symbols transmitted in one block.
Let A be an analytic family of commuting n × n matrices with constant rank on an open connected set D. Then the range and the null space of Ak become independent of λ in D for a certain power k ⩽ n.
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Here P is an (Ntimes N) polynomial matrix with constant coefficients of order k.
The algorithm uses one matrix with constant coefficients which can be previously calculated.
Then ({mathbf{d}}) and ({mathbf{m}}) are (N times 1) and (3 times 1) column vectors, respectively, and ({mathbf{G}}) is an (N times 3) matrix with constant coefficients.
For a matrix with constant rates like (4), it can be shown that: λ s =1+f s −m s, where m s =1−q s −p s is the mortality rate for species s[62].
XPS data indicated that the outer part of the film (the film/electrolyte interface) was almost exclusively zinc hydroxide, while the bulk film was a metallic matrix with constant composition (α-Zn Ni alloy) and it incorporated zinc oxidation products.
Among them, Atici and Eloe [14] studied a linear system of fractional nabla difference equation with constant coefficients of the form nabla_{0}^{nu}y(t)=Ay(t)+f(t),quad t=1,2,ldots, where (0matrix with constant entries, and f are n-vector valued functions.
In the absence of disturbance, its temporal change is given by the recurrence formula: N s ( t + 1 ) = U s N s ( t ) (6) where U s is a K×K Usher transition matrix with constant rates: U s = q s + f s f s ⋯ f s f s p s q s 0 p s ⋱ ⋱ q s 0 p s p s + q s (7).
The profiles of each gene set were generated using multivariate normal distributions with zero mean vectors and covariance matrixes with constant off-diagonal entries that were sampled from Unif (0.3, 0.8).
For a matrix with constant rates like (4), it can be shown that: λ s =1+ f s − m s, where m s =1− q s − p s is the mortality rate for species s [ 62].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com