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To test for signatures of isolation by distance (IBD [ 88]), matrices of population-level, standardized genetic differentiation [FST/ 1-FST)] [FST/ 1-FSTeographic distance between localities were constructed using GENEPOP v4.2 and the Geographic Distance Matrix Generator v1.2.3 [ 90], respectively.
Table S1: Spatially averaged transition matrices of populations of epiphytic orchids.
The Q-matrix of population membership probabilities was served as covariates in MLM.
After removing monomorphic loci and minor allele with minor allele frequency (MAF) threshold of 0.05, the Q matrix of population structure with number of estimated populations was added.
PCA was carried out using PROC PRINCOMP in SAS using the correlation matrix of population means of the reduced set of traits.
To obtain the matrix of population structure, a total of 42,368 SNPs were analyzed in the 298 germplasm accessions using the Admixture program v. 1.22 [ 58].
Also, a tree R2 = 0.97 indicates that branch lengths explained a substantial amount of the variation present in the matrix of population distances [ 56].
To calculate correlations between SNP allele frequencies and current and past climate variables, we used the Bayesian linear model method of Coop et al. (2010), which controls for population history by incorporating a covariance matrix of populations and accounts for differences in sample size between populations.
The significance of isolation by distance between populations was tested using a Mantel test with 1000 random permutations on matrices of pairwise population FST values and the natural logarithm of geographical distances [ 58].
(A ) Top: Similarity matrices of the population responses of representative groups of 20 neurons to an artificial (left) and natural (right) video.
We also assessed spatial genetic structure by testing the significance of isolation by distance (IBD) across the distribution of P. reddelli using the matrices of pairwise population differentiation statistics (F ST ) and the natural logarithm of the Euclidian geographical distances.
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