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Furthermore, matings in which either parent is Cox1 heterozygous resulted in normal litter size and perinatal pup survival.
The plasmid transfer frequency was calculated as the number of transconjugants per number of donor cells in matings in which the number of donors was greater than the number of recipients.
Pre-incubation of the donor cells with DNaseI, by combined addition of DNaseI to the agar medium and to the mating mixtures did not inhibit plasmid transfer, and the transfer frequencies were similar to that of matings in which DNaseI was not added.
Furthermore, since BoNT gene transfer was not inhibited by the addition of DNaseI, and no transconjugants were obtained during matings in which the donor and recipient cells were separated by a 0.45 µm filter, we conclude that cell-to-cell contact is required for the transfer of these plasmids.
When progeny viability was scored in the selective environments, we used only the 30 matings in which the mat A partner was female.
All observed phenotypes matched predictions based on the female × male genotype combinations: perithecial production was reduced only for matings in which the female was dfe d and the male was dma d (Table 2).
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post-mating processes, in which duplication events possibly provided a way to relax selective constraints in some copies, allowing the fixation of novel variants and conferring adaptation of these proteins to different male-derived substrates in diverging lineages [ 21].
Central American accessions did not show a clear geographical distribution in the different cluster analyses, which indicates that the Central American accessions do not form isolated populations, but can be regarded as a large inter-mating population in which a high level of genetic variation has been maintained.
Importantly, no transconjugants were obtained when matings were performed in which the donors and recipients were separated by a 0.45 µm nitrocellulose membrane.
To obtain embryos at defined embryonic stages, timed matings were performed in which male and female mice were caged together overnight then separated immediately after the mating plug appeared.
For m = 5, 10, and 15 matings, the number of simulations in which the thresholds branched within 40,000 generations was eight, five, and two out of ten replicates, respectively.
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