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"That means that a lot of the calves in this generation are going to be siblings and they're going to be mating with siblings the next generation.
Additionally, females avoid mating with males that developed on the same host, which may represent another strategy to avoid mating with siblings (Ode et al., 1995).
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Females that mated with siblings produced up to 13.54% less viable nymphs than females that mated with non-siblings.
Additionally, B. terrestris reproductives took longer to mate with siblings than with non-relatives [ 79].
In certain experiments the flies were transferred to new culture bottles and allowed to mate with siblings for an additional 48 hours prior to sorting, as indicated.
By choosing males displaying the most vigorous courtships, females enhance their probability to mate with non-siblings and thus to avoid reproductive success impairments.
In contrast, due to competition, sons of mated females that will mate with their female siblings or additional same-patch neighbouring females (Gottlieb et al. 2010) will benefit from being large (Balfour-Browne 1922).
Alt adds that the data don't necessarily suggest incest, mating with very close family members such as parents or siblings.
As non-sibling males performed more courting attempts than sibling males (non-siblings: 2.00±0.28, siblings: 1.16±0.18, W = 2580, P = 0.04), females mated more often with non-siblings (70.89% mating) than with siblings (siblings: 23, non-siblings: 56, binomial test, P<0.01).
This result is contrary to a theoretical model by Parker [4] which predicts that males should invest more in their ejaculate when females have first mated with a non-sibling male than when females have mated with a related male.
According to theoretical predictions, males should adjust their copulatory investment in response to the relatedness of their male rival, and transfer more sperm to females that have first mated with a non-sibling male than females that have mated to a related male.
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