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Invasion success of the transgene into a natural population was determined with both the proportion of sneakers (P) and their mating success (q) when sneaking was an alternative mating tactic in the transgenic genotype (Fig. 1C).
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This may explain the maintenance of both mating tactics in the population and the prevalence of matings with genuine gifts.
Following Bro-Jørgensen [ 23], we expect species with a female defence mating tactic to invest in pre-copulatory male sexually selected traits at the expense of their investment in post-copulatory traits, while we expect the reverse pattern for species with a territory defence mating tactic.
Indeed in the moth (Plodia interpunctella) mating tactic is associated with differences in ejaculate expenditure.
Moreover, it has been suggested that in these species, males with territory defence mating tactic might preferentially increase their investment in post-copulatory traits to increase their fertilization efficiency whereas males with female defence mating tactic might increase their investment in pre-copulatory sexually selected traits to prevent other males from copulating with females.
Conversely, the level of post-copulatory competition can also be high in species commonly classified as female defence mating tactic such as the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).
Moth males with female defence mating tactic have larger heads and thoraxes, have smaller testes and produce fewer sperm than males without female defence mating tactic [ 42].
To ensure that potential differences are due to the species' selective past (evolutionary change) and not due to divergent requirements or behaviours of mating tactics during the experiment (phenotypic plasticity), individuals were reared in standard hatchery tanks.
Spermatophore length shows discrete dimorphism associated with mating tactics [[ 24]; Figure 4a].
Morphology can have direct effects on male response to conspecific advertisement signals in relation to both mating tactics and the nature of response.
We detected several differences in brain region volumes across feeding regimes, mating tactics and sex.
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