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Second, we will describe some of the main mating systems observed across parasitoids.
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This result is congruent with the lek mating system observed in another calopterid species where males aggregate waiting for females [39].
However, evidence that the mating system observed from behaviour (social mating system) relates to relative testes size has been mixed in mammals and birds [15], [16], and studies have indicated that inferring sperm competition levels from social mating systems can be misleading [17], as these may differ greatly from mating system deduced from DNA analysis (genetic mating systems) [18].
Similarly, no difference in relative ovary length among females differing in mating system was observed.
Moreover, previous work did not investigate inbreeding mating systems, which are frequently observed in arthropod species.
In addition, higher levels of LD are observed in self-pollinating species compared to outcrossing species, indicating that mating systems play a role [ 23].
Mating behaviors and mating systems in decapod crustaceans have attracted significant attentions.
have inspired classic studies on mating systems and sexual selection.
Swamp loosestrife Decodon verticillatus is one example of variation in mating systems.
However, nothing is known about its mating systems in nature.
Mutations and mating systems can interact in multiple ways.
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