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Slugs' mating systems are diverse and colourful: some slugs do not have penises but stick together with precision.
The recombination site between loci d and e was unique to homokaryon I, becoming possible after the chromosome translocation event at step 3. Two basic mating systems are known in mushrooms: homothallic (self-fertile) and heterothallic (self-sterile).
Three mating systems are generally recognised: monogamy, polygamy, and polygynandry (or promiscuity).
In addition, mating systems are likely to affect genome size evolution via population size and spread of transposable elements [ 57].
However, before being able to draw general conclusions on the importance and mode of selection in shaping ecological divergence, more studies of systematically diverse taxa with differing life histories, demographies and mating systems are clearly needed [ 3].
Even the mating systems are variable, as seen in wooly lemurs, which live in monogamous breeding pairs.
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Experimental investigation of the plants' mating systems is described in the Supporting Information S1.
Determining the cost of mate choice in a diversity of mating systems is critical to understanding the evolution and maintenance of sexual selection.
Social mating systems were classified as: monogamous (SM): one male, one female; polygynous (SP): one male, multiple females; multi-male (MM): multiple males, one or multiple females (after [38]).
Change of mating systems is one of the major driving forces for speciation, initiating reproductive isolation of populations [ 97, 98].
The evolution of mating systems is best understood in flowering plants [ 2, 3], mainly because numerous examples of mating types considered transitory are found in these organisms [ 4- 6].
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