In contrast, the other two factors associated with the mates (mate body size and mate sperm transfer number) did not affect the number of sperm transferred to the mate.
We further expect that such mechanism should not lead to a reduction in mating ability when there is no variation in mate size.
The two-way interaction between mate body size and mate mating status was also included in the linear models as a fixed effect.
Our observations of the recovery of the accessory glands match this behavioural pattern, as 24 hours after copulation (i.e. the subsequent dawn period), the accessory glands had recovered their original pre-mating size.
The dimorphism can be attributed to and affected by different factors, including mating system, size, habitat and diet.
For instance, it has already been used to explore the relationship between mating group size and sex allocation [ 43].
Consanguineous mating, population size reduction, and selection result in long homozygous regions along the genome [ 15, 16].
Hybrid males mated to KIL females had intermediate mating plug size that did not differ significantly from other treatment groups (P > 0.051 in all cases).
Although phenotypic diversity and offspring behavior were not measured, we found no effect of multiple mating on size at birth, growth rate, time to sexual maturity, or survival.
Fitness can be used to describe a variety of characteristics including, but not limited to, fecundity, emergence time, mating success, size, longevity, or susceptibility to disease.
This suggested widespread adaptations to laboratory rearing in males from the older inbred strain in traits such as the production of plug proteins, mating plug size, sperm transfer, and the rate of female insemination.
