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Vaginal mating plugs were checked daily at the end of the light phase.
Mating plugs were also found in fire ants [ 32], queenless Dinoponera ants [ 49], attine ants [ 50], stingless bees [ 51], and in the honey bee.
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Receptacles and mating plugs are configured differently to avoid fire hazards and equipment damage caused by improper voltage and phasing (when connected to equipment).
Early afternoon of the 6th day, we removed the queen excluders, and then monitored the entrances until mating flights with successful mating (as indicated by a mating plug) were observed.
The effectiveness of the mating plug is determined by its properties and female genital morphology.
Females in breeding were inspected for mating plug; the morning a mating plug was observed was considered embryonic day 0.5 (E0.5).
In L. gredleri, the existence of a spermatophore that could be comparable to a mating plug was already shown [ 42].
Once a mating plug was observed it was removed by gently pressing the female against the side of the handling bin and dislodging it with a blunt probe.
In effect, a dual role could be hypothesized for AGAP005194: this protease has been found to respond to bacterial infection [ 52] and its role in processing the mating plug is confirmed by its localization on the plug surface.
Recent studies showed that the mating plug is not an efficient physical barrier to re-insemination, but it is an essential reproductive feature in A. gambiae s.s., as its formation and transfer are necessary to ensure correct sperm storage by the female [ 8].
In A. gambiae s.s., transfer of the mating plug plays an important role in reproduction, as females mated to males impaired in mating plug formation are not capable of storing sperm in their spermathecae [ 20].
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