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Consequently, we suspect that occasional TT events should not severely reduce mating opportunities for A. femoralis females.
Alternatively, because there is variation in host density and availability, mating opportunities for single sex C. floridanum broods can be scarce [ 5, 16].
We speculate that lower intra-brood relatedness indicates maternal outbreeding and may suggest a rarity of mating opportunities for reproductives maturing from the current brood, which may thus enhance the value of opposite sex brood-mates.
We speculate that lower intra-brood relatedness indicates maternal outbreeding and may suggest a rarity of mating opportunities for reproductives maturing from the current brood, which may enhance the value of opposite sex brood-mates, or that higher aggression towards relatives may be a side-effect of mechanisms to discriminate heterospecific competitors.
Mating opportunities for nomad males are rare, and competition between male lions to defend a pride's territory and mate with the pride females is fierce.
In comparison to the loss of future colony growth through insufficient mating opportunities for female sexuals the costs of producing surplus ergatoid males might be relatively small.
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What I call generalized sexual selection (GSS or "giss"), re-frames this argument as follows: 1) variation in traits comes about through random mutation and through male competition for mating opportunities and striving more generally for self-improvement, which can sometimes be incorporated into the germ line of the male.
These results indicate that grooming was traded for itself in the premating period (interchange) and for mating opportunities in the mating period (exchange).
For example, Taï male chimpanzees have been shown to exchange meat for mating opportunities with females on a long term basis [25].
Darwin suggested that some sexual dimorphisms evolve and are accentuated in relation to competition between members of one sex for mating opportunities [46].
Upon emergence of the females, males from the same cluster as well as those dispersed from other clusters compete for mating opportunities.
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