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In R. philippinensis assortative mating has evolved between size morphs as a by-product of selection for different frequencies used to exploit different prey sizes [ 70].
Even where multiple mating has evolved after the monogamy window has been passed, competition among ejaculates [ 28] is not expected to negatively affect female life span and future fecundity.
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Availability of food sources also plays a role, as one might naturally imagine, and those with potentially cannibalistic mates have evolved safeguards that increase their chances of surviving to another mating season.
A wide range of mating systems has evolved in sexually reproducing animals [ 1, 2].
In them, the evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller aims to show us that art is merely another method of sexual selection: a mechanism for attracting mates that has evolved over millennia.
For example, one copy of the gene for transglutaminase, which helps the mating plug coagulate, has evolved unusually quickly.
It has been theorised that a mate-killing module has evolved in the brain to control females and restore the social status of the cuckolded male.1 In some Muslim societies females live in fear of an accusation of infidelity and subsequent "honour killing".
In a few fungi, recombination suppression has evolved around the mating-type locus/loci [ 25– 27], sometimes leading to structurally dimorphic chromosomes similar to the sex chromosomes in plants and animals [ 28, 29].
In this species, where pairs form life-long bonds, the honesty of the carotenoid-based integument colouration suggests that it may be a sexually selected female ornament that has evolved through male mate choice.
It lacks the MATα2 (MATA_HMG-box) gene [49] (Figure 1), but has evolved alternative transcriptional circuits ensuring appropriate mating-type target gene expression [54].
Evolution itself has evolved: as humans became increasingly social, the struggle for survival, mating and progeny depended less on physical abilities and more on social abilities.
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