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(A ) Screening assay for mutants with reduced male precedence, showing outcomes for mating failure, mating by wild-type males, and mating by males with less-competitive sperm.
In this age class, mating failure also seems to have influenced the arrival date (Table 1), but nesting failure did not show any relationship.
The promiscuous mating system of L. equestris, whereby both males and females mate with multiple individuals, could have evolved in response to this high risk of mating failure.
Although mating failure has been documented in many insects (Eberhard 1996; Garcia-Gonzalez 2004), it has only recently been receiving theoretical attention (Rhainds 2010; see also Hasson and Stone 2009).
In natural populations, mating failure based on aedeagus size could serve as an important reproductive isolating mechanism resulting in failed insemination attempts after both the male and female show a willingness to mate.
This effect seems to be independent of mating order (although we note that mating failure and oviposition failure appeared to be more common when the first mating was with a heterospecific).
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Most of the captive animals live in two large research centers, in Wolong and Shandong, but roughly three dozen are in zoos in other countries, and their mating failures and successes have inspired intense public interest.
The exact mechanism behind these mating failures is unknown, but there are a number of potential explanations.
In the crossover mating trials, failures to become pregnant occurred in both male-treated/female-control and female-treated/male-control groups, suggesting that both male and female fertilities are affected by DEHP exposure (Tanaka, 2003).
For the Agg line, winning a territory increased mating success, while losing a territory was correlated with failure to mate, particularly with females from line 65 choosing (n = 27, P = 0.002) – this pattern is only borderline significant among females overall (n = 81, P = 0.06).
In controlled experiments with calibrated levels of light, the scientists say they have observed what they call "failure to mate" as the lights have gotten brighter.
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