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Three non-exclusive reasons may have shortened the mating duration of small P. persimilis males.
Most likely, the short mating duration of small males was caused by disturbance of the larger competitor.
The mating duration of P. persimilis males was almost constant over time but shorter in the small young males up to an age of 8 days.
By contrast, the mating duration of young N. californicus males was not affected by body size until an age of 5 days; however, with proceeding age the mating duration of the small males decreased and became shorter than that of standard-sized males (Fig. 3C, D).
This made it possible to estimate the following variables: time before first courtship, mean courtship duration (for the various courtship sequences), time to mating, duration of copulation, mating success, and the number of rejections of males by females.
However, the mating duration of small males was twice as long (Walzer & Schausberger, 2014) in the absence than in the presence of a competitor, making these two explanations unlikely.
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We compared reproductive traits, such as duration of precopulation time, mating duration, quantity of sperm stored by females after copulation, number of females mated successively and postmating competition of irradiated males with non-irradiated males.
Male mating ability, as defined as the duration of precopulation period, mating duration, and number of sperm stored per females after copulation were assessed.
Probably gift wrapping was crucial for deceit to evolve, while gift wrapping itself evolved due to additional advantages to the male: it increases male control over the gift and mating [ 25, 27], and mating duration increases with the amount of silk invested in wrapping [ 26].
Despite a decrease in sperm number and an increase in mating duration time, irradiated males significantly reduced the number of offspring produced by females they inseminated.
To detail the effects of prey supply on female and male body size within and between predator species, and the effects of female and male body size on mate choice, mating latency, mating duration and male mating frequency within and between the female body size categories, we compared pairs of the estimated marginal means by least significant difference (LSD) tests.
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