Sentence examples for mating cost from inspiring English sources

Recent evidence exaggerates Bateman's 'principle' [2], by pointing to a substantial mating cost to females.

Third, in some species, such as Drosophila melanogaster, females pay a mating cost in terms of lowered fecundity [49].

A possible unique mating cost to females relates to the fact that these secondarily aquatic insects are dependent on atmospheric oxygen, which is carried under the elytra and replenished with frequent trips to the surface (normally once every 8 15 minutes [29]).

Miller [10] and subsequent studies [11] [14] strengthened these observations and argued with support from the general model of sexual conflict [15] [16] that the first step of a female response to increased mating cost is the occurrence of an increased female reticulation compared to males with tarsal modifications.

Due to these, females suffer mating cost both in terms of fecundity as well as longevity [ 6- 8].

A similar argument was advanced to explain the sexual system of the aquatic plant S. latifolia, in which males produce around twice as many flowers as hermaphrodites, but they display only a few open flowers at any given time, increasing their mating opportunities and reducing the mating cost of large floral displays (Perry and Dorken, 2011).

Hence, whenever males incur nontrivial mating costs, they should prudently partition reproductive effort over a series of matings to maximize lifetime reproductive success (reviewed in [ 10]).

Hence mating costs would select for mechanisms in the female to avoid both male harassment and excessive matings, as a complement to convenience mating.

Sexual conflict in mating systems, due to differences in investment and direct mating costs, can lead to intersexual arms races [1], [2] as well as being a potential engine of speciation [3], [4].

Genetic and phenotypic variation in female response towards male mating attempts has been found in several laboratory studies, demonstrating sexually antagonistic co-evolution driven by mating costs on female fitness.

Laboratory studies on model organisms such as Drosophila have revealed genetic and phenotypic variation in female response towards male mating attempts [3] [7] and demonstrated sexually antagonistic co-evolution driven by mating costs on female fitness [3], [5], [8], [9].