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We have also compared our results to previous studies of mating changes in Drosophila melanogaster to identify common biological processes affected by mating, as well as transcripts that may be differentially regulated between these two species due to important differences in natural history.
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Comparison of our results to previous studies of post-mating changes in Drosophila melanogaster identified common biological processes affected by mating, including stress response and alternative-splicing pathways.
Nevertheless, this study presents to the best of our knowledge the first demonstration that miRNAs play a critical role in mediating post-mating changes in female flies and a comprehensive documentation of the genomic and epigenomic changes that accompany mating-induced physiological changes as well as aging in female D. melanogaster.
Thus, post-mating changes in miRNA expression levels are causally associated with physiological changes.
MicroRNAs are thus critical in mediating post-mating changes in gene expression.
The post-mating changes in honey bee queens are highly complex.
The network associated with post-mating changes in young flies comprised 46 target genes for 20 miRNAs, and these target genes have 92 interacting partners.
Similarly, there was no obvious bias for methoprene (a juvenile hormone analog) regulated [ 19] genes to be involved in post-mating changes in queens.
Sperm and seminal fluid proteins induce post-mating changes in females, however, very little is known about the resulting gene expression changes in female head and central nervous system tissues that contribute to the post-mating response.
Post-mating changes in gene regulation in the brains and ovaries of honey bee queens appear to be triggered by different stimuli and may occur on different timescales, potentially allowing changes in the brains and the ovaries to be uncoupled.
Such studies have revealed some of the specific molecules responsible for courtship or post-mating changes in behaviour in model organisms ranging from Drosophila melanogaster to voles [ 6– 9].
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