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Note that here "outbreeding" and "inbreeding" mean mating between different and identical gamete types, respectively, i.e., we assume – without specifying the precise nature of this outbreeding advantage – that mating between different gamete types may result in fitter offspring on average than mating between cells of the same (pan-sexual) gamete type.
The idea is that if any divergence occurs, mating between different parents will lead to hybrid offspring that are an unfit amalgam of the diverged parental properties, thus destroying the built up divergence.
If the gonopodial lock-and-key hypothesis applies, i.e. that genital morphology may prevent mating between different species [ 75], similar gonopodial structures between maternal (X. maculatus) and paternal species (X. mixei) might also lend further support to X. maculatus as a potential maternal species.
There could be no more effective barrier to mating between different species than incompatibility of the male and female sex organs.
In addition to the self-recognition mechanisms required to avoid inbreeding within a single species, plants have mechanisms to control mating between different species [ 59].
Functional reorganization of developmental processes is also apparent in various cases of mating between different species or breeds, in which distinct 'programs' are merged into functional outcome without a specific 'program of merging'.
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Mating success between different mating types within each genotype is defined as the parameter q, 0 ≤ q ≤ 1, which is the proportional mating success of the sneaker.
The ability of spores to survive passage through the Drosophila gut has been shown to promote outbreeding, that is, mating between spores from different asci [13], [29].
Of the 436 outcrossed progeny, 30 originated from mating between genets in different populations (6.88%), and 406 from mating between genets in the same populations (93.12%) (Table 1, Additional file 1).
Locally polymorphic species pose a particular challenge: multiple phenotypic optima are occupied by individuals from a single population requiring precise determination of the various discrete phenotypes despite mating between individuals of different morphs.
Hybridization is a phenomenon that happens when mating between individuals from different species generates viable offspring and is a process that is estimated to occur in approximately 25%% of all plant species [ 1, 2].
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