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We are a white British middle income family, and I suppose my reasons for using a tutor could be summarised as 'lack of confidence in school maths teaching and awareness of how important maths knowledge and qualifications are'.
We also tested the potential effects of test anxiety on the links between maths anxiety, maths knowledge and cognitive reflection.
Controlling for the effect of these covariates did not substantially change the relationships between maths anxiety, maths knowledge and cognitive reflection.
Controlling for the effects of this covariate did not substantially change the relationships between maths anxiety, maths knowledge and cognitive reflection, and the effect of test anxiety was not significant (p = .30).30
Additionally, we were also interested in whether the link between maths anxiety and cognitive reflection is also present when participants' maths knowledge and maths achievement are taken into account.
Second, we showed that the link between maths anxiety and cognitive reflection was partially mediated by reduced mathematical performance in anxious participants, as demonstrated by the mediating role of general maths knowledge and maths achievement in Experiments 1 2.
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As expected, maths anxiety and maths knowledge were both significantly correlated with cognitive reflection, and maths anxiety was also significantly (negatively) correlated with maths knowledge.
Although it's vital that we address the fact that poor English and maths knowledge is holding many people back from being employed, the value of these subjects will be spoiled if we keep linking their worth to employability.
Another potential criticism is that our measures of maths knowledge (in Experiment 1) and maths achievement (in Experiment 2) did not capture all the variance associated with individual differences in mathematical abilities, and thus, it is still possible that the link between maths anxiety and the CRT is in fact fully mediated by mathematical abilities.
Specifically, we have found both a direct link between maths anxiety and cognitive reflection, and an indirect link through maths knowledge.
Overall, our results suggest that maths anxiety is linked to performance on the CRT in two ways: directly, and through an association with reduced maths knowledge.
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