In her book titled, "Weapons of Mass Destruction", a mathematician, Cathy O'Neil, gives many examples of how mathematics on which machine learning algorithms are based on can easily cause untold harm on people and society.
This approach was widely copied after it was described in a 1945 report by the mathematician John von Neumann, based on work he did in collaboration with the ENIAC design team.
He distinguished two ways of solving a mathematical problem (and two corresponding types of mathematicians): an "investigation based on numbers," an inductive approach that involves scrutinizing and manipulating data until one finds a general law; and an "investigation based on principle," a reasoned approach that involves directly utilizing rules and procedures, as in algebra.
Not surprisingly, this sister series contained dozens of subtle mathematical references, including an indirect tribute to the great Indian mathematician Ramanujan, objects based on the geometry of the impossible Klein bottle, a freeze-frame gag about the unsolved P v NP problem, a script line about uncountable infinites and much more.
Whereas Khayyam the philosopher-mathematician justifies theism based on the existing order in the universe, Khayyam the poet, for whom suffering in the world remains insoluble, sees very little evidence to support theism or any type of eschatological doctrine.
The mathematicians sorted the cards based on conceptual principles [ 32].
I'm no mathematician, but something loosely based on the following formula might work: proximity of gob to face x velocity/(distance from target + likelihood of somebody's mother having to clean it up).
Though trained as a mathematician, he designed models based on how specific kinds of people (such as investors and consumers) actually behave an approach that runs counter to the idealized agents favored by economists at the end of the century.
In Evolving the Alien, biologist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart argue astrobiology, based on the Rare Earth hypothesis, is restrictive and unimaginative.
The Rasch model, named after a Danish mathematician [ 31], is based on a latent trait theory and falls into the modern psychometric approach category.
