On Greenspan's watch, computers allowed investment banks to produce complex mathematical models that could predict the risk of making any loan or investment.
In research beginning after World War II, Dr. Prigogine devised mathematical models that showed how chemical reactions could produce complex, changing patterns.
The eight authors are all social scientists rather than economists, meaning that they prefer fieldwork and actual observations to mathematical models that bear little relation to reality.
Informal evolutionary thinking about antibiotic resistance has been replaced by rigorous mathematical models that have major implications for public health.
They had handed out Triple-A ratings as if they were party favors, based on mathematical models that turned out to be absurdly overoptimistic.
But the systems rely on sophisticated mathematical models that have a fundamental flaw: they grossly underestimate a factor called "tail risk".
Causal data are often derived from mathematical models that represent causal relationships among events.
Forest management planning relies heavily on mathematical models that involve time.
Those are based on mathematical models that largely extrapolate from clinics and nonrandomized surveys conducted by countries.
The industrial production of biodiesel requires mathematical models that adjust to real conditions.
Recently, biogeographers have been deriving mathematical models that make explicit assumptions about biological processes.
