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The mathematical formulation, the numerical implementation and other implementation details are presented herein.
Because of its mathematical formulation, the model inversion can be done analytically – which is rare – and parameter values can be estimated from experimental data.
Although the main focus of this article is on the mathematical formulation, the numerical simulations for a real case study for Iran are illustrated.
In the mathematical formulation, the flow developed in the annuli is assumed as laminar, since Re is selected as ≤50 000.
In the mathematical formulation the contacts between the rolling elements and the races are considered as nonlinear springs, whose stiffnesses are obtained by using Hertzian elastic contact deformation theory.
Based on a mathematical formulation, the direction of the total shear stress is determined, and a graphical method is proposed to represent both the magnitude and the direction of the normal stress and shear stress together.
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Decision theoretic approach: in decision making mathematical formulations, the outcome of a decision is not known.
Here, we introduce, along with the related mathematical formulations, the used models for simulating both illumination errors and image noise.
(6) and (7) are just mathematical formulations; the actual assembly process is implemented in a more efficient manner.
PPL participated in the study design, the mathematical formulation of the model, and in the discussion of results.
The mathematical formulation of the UC problem including the objective function and the constraints is illustrated in Section 2.
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