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Mathematical competency refers to individuals' capabilities to apply mathematics in situations where mathematics can play a fundamental role (Niss 2003).
Fig. 4 Mathematical competency by migrant status and measurement point.
Fig. 3 Mathematical competency by occupational area and measurement point.
Fig. 2 Mathematical competency by pre-vocational programme and measurement point.
Thus, it is fair to assume that in all of these instances the measured notions of mathematical competency were equivalent.
The test items measure skills based on a concept of mathematical competency assumed to be common across all courses.
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Research Given the importance of mathematical competencies in student accounting competence development, the journal "Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik" published a special issue dedicated to research in that area (e.g., Seeber 2013; Winther et al. 2013).
A set of eight mathematical competencies required by engineering students, thinking mathematically, reasoning mathematically, problem handling, modeling mathematically, representing mathematically, communicating mathematically, symbolism and formalism language, and using aids and tools, was articulated (Niss 2003).
For developing and describing mathematics tests, frameworks for describing mathematical competencies, or mathematical literacy, have played an important role in recent decades (Gardiner 2004).
Acquired mathematical competencies of engineering students are not in line with the required mathematical competencies of engineers at the workplace (Firouzian et al. 2014).
A study by Faulkner et al. (2016) found out that students' mathematical competencies had decreased.
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