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It is mainly based on the algorithm described in the mathematical appendix in Supplemental Material, and more extensively in a recent PhD Thesis.
Furthermore, we calculated the Malthus coefficient, defined as the fitness of virus (Nowak and May, 2000; Nowak, 2006) (or the speed of virus infection) (see mathematical appendix in 'Materials and methods').
In step 3 of the measurement process, the probabilities of the main quality events under evaluation were obtained using the algorithm described in the mathematical appendix in Supplemental Material.
At the end of the evaluation period, objective and subjective data were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that implemented the algorithm described in the mathematical appendix in Supplemental Material.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08150.009 We also derived the viral generation time, defined as the time it takes for a population of virions to infect cells and reproduce (Perelson and Nelson, 1999), from Equations 1– 3 in the static and shaking cell cultures (see mathematical appendix in 'Materials and methods').
To quantify each infection mode and overcome the above difficulty, we derived the basic reproduction number R0 (Perelson and Nelson, 1999; Nowak and May, 2000; Iwami et al., 2012b), an index reflecting the average number of newly infected cells produced from any one infected cell (see mathematical appendix in 'Materials and methods').
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As shown in the mathematical appendix, the real wage elasticity in (37) must be negative as long as there is incomplete capital adjustment25.
These results also could be included in Mathematical Appendix.
The complete description of all possible asymptotics of the ergodic distributions of model (1.1) under condition (1.5) is given in Mathematical Appendix, Theorem 1 (hereinafter all references of the form (A.m.n) refer to the corresponding formula in the Mathematical Appendix [see Additional file 1]).
It is shown in Mathematical Appendix that the formula given above for the incidence at a given age, t, is still valid if, for the probability concerned, which was previously assumed to be constant and is now assumed to vary, we substitute a weighted mean of the probability from age 0 to age t.
Management's decision parameters are specified in the mathematical appendix, but for this overview, they are not included in the formulas, and the time index is dropped as well.
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