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Available crystal structures only include a dimer (Mangione et al, 2014), and inclusion of symmetry mates within the crystal led to the creation of a tetrameric arrangement.
As in those two species, our study revealed that both sexes in A. biunguiculata routinely mate with multiple mates within the period of time it takes a male to brood one cluster of eggs.
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It most likely began with the evolution of facultative mating within the nest, readoption of some newly-mated queens, and nest budding, leading to the extended family colonies that are typical for extant L. turcicus in lowland populations.
Adults from each treatment group were caged together and mated within the group.
The probability of mating within the 30 minutes of observation (i.e. the latency to mate) was significantly influenced by Relatedness.
In fact, using the present protocol in earlier experiments, we have reliably observed nearly 100% of females mating within the first hour of being combined with males.
At some localities in France where the Z and E races of O. nubilalis co-occur, strong assortative mating within the races was found to be occurring [22] [24].
A large majority of females accept mating within the first ten minutes of contact with males (see results of Experiment 1).
Mating within the maternal colony makes invasive ant reproduction independent of the presence of other colonies – a vital advantage when being the first to arrive in a new range.
Wingless males stay lifelong in their natal nests, but the behaviour of winged males is more flexible: they mate within the nest early during their adult lives, but later disperse and search for female sexuals outside [7], [12], [13].
Traits implicated in this syndrome include large colonies, colonies with multiple queens that mate within the nest, and colonies that often occupy many interconnected nests with little to no territorial aggression among them [25].
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