4 animals were housed per cage in a 29x18.5x12.7 cm (LxWxH) cage; if an animal died, the remaining cage-mates were maintained together.
For the long term mating assays, males were maintained throughout the female lifetime.
As shown in Figure 2, P dams became overtly obese compared to C dams (n = 12 per group) and their overweight (about 15% before mating) was maintained after 120 days of experimental diet, i.e 20 days after weaning.
If this cost of mating is maintained in part by antagonistic sexual coevolution, then restricting selection to fitness components expressed early in life (before day 4) should alter the expected equilibrium between early reproduction and the deleterious impact of mating on longevity [ 19, 51].
Indeed, the pair examined by Kidd et al. [ 40] differ in melanin pattern rather than hue, and Jordan et al. [ 47] found that assortative mating was maintained even under monochromatic light masking the species' hue differences, implying that some visual features other than hue were used by females.
Upon detection of mating, females were maintained on either control lighting conditions (12 light:12 dark, lights on at 0700h) or exposed to repeated phase shifts throughout gestation and for 1 week after birth.
Unless otherwise indicated, mating pairs were maintained on dox-containing chow (doxycycline (200 mg)/chow (kg), Bio-serve, Frenchtown, NJ) to suppress the HCV core during development and through weaning (1 month old).
Unless otherwise indicated, mating pairs were maintained on doxycycline (DOX -containing chow (200 mg/kg; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) for suppression of HCV-core DOX -containingent and through weaning.
Pregnancy was confirmed upon discovery of a semen plug and recorded as gestational day 0. Following successful mating, pregnant females were maintained on their respective diet throughout gestation.
To ascertain whether any of these three factors could induce morphological change in F. speciosa and D. heliopora, fragments (clone-mates) of both species were maintained in five aquarium tanks, representing: high water energy, high sedimentation, and three different light regimes.
Zebrafish were maintained, mated, and raised as described [59].
