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These include confounding between maternal report of child outcomes and the maternal psychological attributes under study, difficulties in distinguishing maternal stress from more ubiquitous aspects of maternal personality, and the lack of association between cortisol and measures of maternal psychological stress.
We obtained information on maternal stress from a telephone interview taken around 30 weeks of gestation.
In addition, multivariable logistic regression did not reveal a significant association between maternal stress from the terrorist attacks and the sex of an infant (OR 1.02, 95% CI [0.99, 1.06]).
We invited these and other pregnant women to participate in a prospective, longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal maternal stress from the floods on maternal, perinatal and early childhood outcomes.
Maternal stress was measured using the Psychosocial Hassles Scale[ 30], an 11-item instrument which measures perceived maternal stress (from "no stress" to "severe stress") due to common stressors, such as "money worries like paying bills".
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We obtained information on maternal stress during pregnancy from a computer-assisted interview taken around 30 weeks gestation.
In mammals, the placenta inactivates glucocorticoids from the maternal circulation, thereby protecting the fetus from maternal stress (Murphy et al., 1974).
For example, low birth weight in newborns may result from maternal stress during pregnancy, and excessive maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
Finally, we restricted the analyses to children without family history of psychiatric disorders to partly disentangle genetic effects from maternal stress effects [ 33].
This study investigated whether maternal supplementation with FM (high in n-3) could protect the offspring's immune system from maternal stress caused by a simulated bacterial infection using endotoxin.
Accordingly, damage during fetal life or infancy resulting from maternal stress, poor nutrition, or exposure to environmental pollutants such as dioxin may be at the heart of adult-onset disease.
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